Among other things, the history of our planet has been written in the periodic reversal of its magnetic poles. Scientists at the Weizmann Institute of Science have now proposed a new means of reading this historic record: in ice.
Their findings, recently reported in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, could lead to a refined probing of ice cores and could be applied to understanding the magnetic history of other bodies in our solar system, including Mars and Jupiter’s moon Europa.
The idea for investigating a possible connection between ice and Earth’s magnetic history arose far from the source of the planet’s ice – on the sunny isle of Corsica, where Professor Oded Aharonson of the Institute’s Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, was attending a conference on magnetism.
The researchers at the conference were there to discuss the field known as paleo-magnetism, which is mostly studied through flakes magnetic minerals that have been trapped either in rocks or cores drilled through ocean sediments. Such particles get aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field at the time they are trapped in place, and even millions of years later, researchers can test their magnetic north-south alignment and understand the position of the Earth’s magnetic poles at that distant time.
The latter gave Aharonson the idea that if small amounts of magnetic materials could be sensed in ocean sediments, maybe they could also be found trapped in ice and measured.
Some ice frozen in glaciers in places like Greenland or Alaska is many millennia old, and layered like tree rings. Ice cores drilled through these are investigated for signs of such things as planetary warming or ice ages. Why not reversals in the magnetic field as well?
The first question that Aharonson and his student, Yuval Grossman, who led the project, had to ask was whether it was possible that the process which ice forms in regions near the poles could contain a detectable record of magnetic pole reversals.
These randomly-spaced reversals have occurred throughout our planet’s history, fuelled by the chaotic motion of the liquid iron dynamo deep in the planet’s core. In banded rock formations and layered sediments, researchers measure the magnetic moment – the magnetic north-south orientations – of the magnetic materials in these to reveal the magnetic moment of the Earth’s magnetic field at that time. The scientists thought such magnetic particles could be found in the dust that gets trapped, along with water ice, in glaciers and ice sheets.
The research team built an experimental setup to simulate ice formation such as that in polar glaciers, where dust particles in the atmosphere may even provide the nuclei around which snowflakes form. They then created artificial snowfall by finely grinding ice made from purified water, adding a bit of magnetic dust, and letting it fall though a very cold column that was exposed to a magnetic field, the latter having an orientation controlled by the scientists. By maintaining very cold temperatures – around 30 degrees Celsius below zero, they found they could generate miniature ‘ice cores’ in which the snow and dust froze solidly into hard ice.
“If the dust is not affected by an external magnetic field, it will settle in random directions which will cancel each other out,” said Aharonson.
“But if a portion of it gets oriented in a particular direction right before the particles freeze in place, the net magnetic moment will be detectible.”
To measure the magnetism of the ‘ice cores’ they had created in the lab, the Weizmann scientists took them to Hebrew University in Jerusalem, to the lab of Professor Ron Shaar, where a sensitive magnetometer installed there is able to measure the very slightest of magnetic moments. The team found a small, but definitely detectible magnetic moment that matched the magnetic fields applied to their ice samples.
“The Earth’s paleo-magnetic history has been studied from the rocky record; reading it in ice cores could reveal additional dimensions, or help assign accurate dates to the other findings in those cores,” said Aharonson.
“Plus we know that the surfaces of Mars and large icy moons like Europa have been exposed to magnetic fields. It would be exciting to look for magnetic field reversals in ice sampled from other bodies in our solar system. We’ve proved it’s possible.”
Aharonson has proposed a research project for a future space mission involving ice core sampling on Mars, and he hopes that this demonstration of the feasibility of measuring such a core will advance the appeal of this proposal.
